Many ADHD signs expressed during the preschool years could also indicate communication problems that can occur in other neurodevelopmental disorders (eg, autism spectrum disorders Autism Spectrum Disorders Autism spectrum disorders are neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior, and uneven intellectual. Overdiagnosis must be avoided, and other conditions must be accurately identified. Because self-reporting of childhood symptoms may be unreliable, clinicians may need to review school records or interview family members to confirm existence of manifestations before age 12.ĭifferentiating between ADHD and other conditions can be challenging. read more, and substance use disorders Substance Use Disorders Substance use disorders involve a pathologic pattern of behaviors in which patients continue to use a substance despite experiencing significant problems related to its use. read more, anxiety disorders Overview of Anxiety Disorders Anxiety disorders are characterized by persistent and excessive fear and anxiety and the dysfunctional behavioral changes a patient may use to mitigate these feelings. Mood disorders can occur in adults, adolescents, or children. Symptoms may be similar to those of mood disorders Overview of Mood Disorders Mood disorders are emotional disturbances consisting of prolonged periods of excessive sadness, excessive elevated mood, or both. General referencesĪDHD can be more difficult to diagnose during adulthood. Increasing evidence implicates differences in dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems with decreased activity or stimulation in upper brain stem and frontal-midbrain tracts. Fewer than 5% of children with ADHD have evidence of neurologic injury. The 3 types of ADHD are predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive/impulsive. ADHD also is associated with adverse childhood experiences (ACEs 2 General references Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a syndrome of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Carbon monoxide and nicotine in cigarettes cause hypoxia and vasoconstriction, increasing risk of the following: Spontaneous. read more, and lead exposure, as well as prenatal exposure to alcohol, tobacco, and cocaine Social and Illicit Drugs During Pregnancy Cigarette smoking is the most common addiction among pregnant women. Symptoms include snoring and sometimes restless. read more, obstructive sleep apnea Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) in Children Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is episodes of partial or complete closure of the upper airway that occur during sleep and lead to breathing cessation. It is absorbed much better than nonheme iron (eg, in plants. Heme iron is contained mainly in animal products. Some risk factors include birth weight < 1500 g, head trauma, iron deficiency Iron Deficiency Iron (Fe) is a component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and many enzymes in the body. Potential causes of ADHD include genetic, biochemical, sensorimotor, physiologic, and behavioral factors. ĪDHD has no known single, specific cause. read more ), and intellectual disability Intellectual Disability Intellectual disability is characterized by significantly subaverage intellectual functioning (often expressed as an intelligence quotient < 70 to 75) combined with limitations of adaptive. Diagnosis is based on intellectual, educational, speech and language, medical, and psychologic evaluations. read more (eg, dyslexia Dyslexia Dyslexia is a general term for primary reading disorder. read more, learning disorders Overview of Learning Disorders Learning disorders are conditions that cause a discrepancy between potential and actual levels of academic performance as predicted by the person’s intellectual abilities. Other common neurodevelopmental disorders include autism spectrum disorders Autism Spectrum Disorders Autism spectrum disorders are neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior, and uneven intellectual. Neurodevelopmental disorders may involve dysfunction in one or more of the following: attention, memory, perception, language, problem-solving, or social interaction. They typically involve difficulties with the acquisition, retention, or application of specific skills or sets of information. Neurodevelopmental disorders are neurologically based conditions that appear early in childhood, typically before school entry, and impair development of personal, social, academic, and/or occupational functioning. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is considered a neurodevelopmental disorder.
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